Table 1 Links between vacuoles and sperm chromatin condensation status
From: The nature of human sperm head vacuoles: a systematic literature review
|  | Number of patients | Chromatin condensation assessment | Vacuolated spermatozoa | Spermatozoa used as “controls” | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  |  |  | Number and size of vacuoles | Presence of other potential abnormalities | Proportion of vacuolated spermatozoa with a non condensed chromatin (%) | Type of spermatozoa used as “controls” | Proportion of “control” spermatozoa with a non condensed chromatin (%) |  |
Cassuto 2012 [18] | 26 | AB | At least one vacuole (size not specified) | Yes | 19.5 | Unselected spermatozoa (obtained after two-layer density centrifugation) | 10.1 | p<0.0001 |
Perdrix 2011 [19] | 20 | AB | A single vacuole occupying > 13% of the sperm head area | Yes | 50.4 | Whole sperm | 26.5 | p<0.0001 |
Franco 2012 [20] | 66 | CMA3 | At least one vacuole occupying > 50% of the sperm head area | Yes | 53.2 | Morphologically normal and vacuole-free | 40.3 | p<0.0001 |
Boitrelle 2011 [16] | 15 | AB | A single vacuole occupying > 25% of the sperm head area | No | 36.2 | Morphologically normal and vacuole-free | 7.6 | p<0.0001 |
Boitrelle In press | 15 | AB | At least three vacuoles occupying each < 4% of the sperm head area | No | 39.8 | Morphologically normal and vacuole-free | 9.3 | p<0.0001 |