Skip to main content
Download PDF
  • Revue
  • Azoospermies Sécretoires et Fécondation Assistée
  • Published:

Azoospermies non obstructives; facteurs prédictifs du prélèvement testiculaire et risques de la fécondation assistée

Nonobstructive azoospermia: predictive factors of testicular sperm retrieval and risks of assisted fertilization

Andrologie volume 14, pages 34–44 (2004)Cite this article

Resume

Le prélèvement chirurgical de spermatozoïdes a révolutionné le traitement des azoospermies et plus particulièrement des azoospermies non-obstructives. Grâce à la microinjection intracytoplasmique (ICSI) qui permet à des spermatozoïdes défectueux de féconder l’ovocyte, des hommes naturellement inféconds peuvent engendrer. Ces techniques appliquées sans investigation préalable sur l’animal, ont soulevé un énorme enthousiasme et se pratiquent à grande échelle. Pour augmenter l’efficacité de ces traitements, les cliniciens cherchent, sans trop de succès, à mettre en évidence des facteurs de réussite qui leur permettraient de mieux conseiller les couples avec azoospermie non-obstructive, tributaires de ces techniques et d’éviter des interventions testiculaires inutiles et traumatisantes. Les recherches sur l’animal, entreprises après coup, soulèvent des réserves sur l’innocuité de l’ICSI et le bien-fondé d’une utilisation de ces spermatozoïdes, souvent à haut risque génétique. Plus encore, des travaux cliniques soulignent la fréquence inhabituelle de problèmes divers chez des enfants d’ICSI mais aussi de toute technique d’assistance à la reproduction. Ces observations troublantes ne sont pourtant pas corroborées par des suivis cliniques bien menés d’enfants d’ICSI. Ce paradoxe soulève une polémique vive.

Abstract

Surgical sperm retrieval has revolutionized the treatment of azoospermia. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) allows naturally infertile men to have children by allowing defective sperm cells to fertilize oocytes. These techniques, applied without any preliminary animal experimentation, raised an enormous enthusiasm and are performed on a large-scale. To increase the efficiency of these treatments, the clinicians are now trying, without success, to identify factors predictive of success allowing better patient selection and counselling of couples dependent on these techniques in order to avoid useless and harmful interventions. Animal research, conducted after introduction of these techniques, has raised serious doubts about the safety of ICSI and the legitimacy of using defective spermatozoa from genetically high-risk patients. Some studies have also emphasized the unusual frequency of obstetric and neonatal problems as well as rare diseases and malignancies in ICSI-born children and ART-born children. However, these disturbing findings are not specifically related to the ICSI procedure, as demonstrated by well-conducted large-scale follow-up studies in ICSI-born children. This paradox raises a lively debate. ICSI-children follow-up studies should continue until sound data taking into account the genetic and all other parental background are obtained. In conclusion, non obstructive azoospermic patients should be informed of the limits of sperm retrieval and genetic screening tools as well as all risks common to ICSI and ART.

References

  1. ABOULGHAR M., MANSOUR R.T., SEROUR G.I. et al.: Fertilization and pregnancy rates after intracylasmic sperm injection using ejaculated semen and surgically retrieved sperm. Fertil. Steril., 1997, 68: 108–111.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. ARIDOGAN I.A., BAYAZIT Y., YAMAN M., ERSOZ C., DORAN S.: Comparison of fine-needle aspiration and open biopsy of testis in sperm retrieval and histopathologic diagnosis. Andrologia, 2003, 35: 121–125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. AYTOZ A., CAMUS M., TOURNAYE H., BONDUELLE M., VAN STEIRTEGHEM A., DEVROEY P.: Outcome of pregnancies after intracytoplasmic sperm injection and the effect of sperm origin and quality on this outcome. Fertil. Steril., 1998, 70: 500–505.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. BACHTELL N.E., CONAGHAN J., TUREK P.J.: The relative viability of human spermatozoa from the vas deferens, epididymis and testis before and after cryopreservation. Hum. Reprod., 1999, 14: 3048–3051.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. BALLESCA J.L., BALASCH J., CALAFELL J.M. et al.: Serum inhibin B determination is predictive of successful testicular sperm extraction in men with non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum. Reprod., 2000, 15: 1734–1738.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. BARTOOV B., BERKOVITZ A., ELTES F., KOGOSOWSKI A., MENEZO Y., BARAK Y.: Real-time fine morphology of motile human sperm cells is associated with IVF-ICSI outcome. J. Androl., 2002, 23: 1–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. BENEZRA D.:In vitro fertilisation and retinoblastoma. Lancet, 2003, 361: 273–274.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. BERGÈRE M., SELVA J., VOLANTE M. et al.: Cytogenetic analysis of uncleaved oocytes after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet., 1995, 12: 322–325.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. BERNARDINI L., GIANAROLLI L., FORTINI D. et al.: Frequency of hyper-hypoploidy and diploidy in ejaculate, epididymal and testicular germ cells of infertile patients. Hum. Reprod., 2000, 15: 2165–2172.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. BICK D., FRANCO B., SHERINS R.J. et al.: Brief report: intragenic deletion of the KALIG-1 gene in Kallmann’s syndrome. New England J. Med., 1992, 326: 1752–1755.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. BONDUELLE M., DEVROEY P., LIEBAERS I., VAN STEIRTEGHEM, A.: Major birth defects are overestimated. Brit. Med. J., 1997, 7118: 1265–1266.

    Google Scholar 

  12. BONDUELLE M., JORIS H., HOFMANS K., LIEBAERS I., VAN STEIRTEGHEM A.C.: Mental development of 201 children at 2 years of age. Lancet, 1998, 351: 1535.

    Google Scholar 

  13. BONDUELLE M., CAMUS M., DE VOS A. et al.: Seven years of intracytoplasmic sperm injection and follow-up of 1987 children. Hum. Reprod., 1999, 14: 243–264.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. BONDUELLE M., LIEBAERS I., DEKETELAERE V. et al.: Neonatal data on a cohort of 2889 infants born after ICSI (1991–1999) and of 2995 infants born after IVF (1983–1999). Hum. Reprod., 2000, 17: 671–694.

    Google Scholar 

  15. BOWEN J.R., GIBSON F.L., LESLIE G.I., SAUNDERS D.M.: Medical and developmental outcome at 1 year for children conceived by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Lancet, 1998, 351: 1529–1534.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. BRANDELL R.A., MIELNIK A., LIOTTA D. et al.: AZFb deletions predict the absence of spermatozoa with testicular sperm extraction: preliminary report of a prognostic genetic test. Hum. Reprod., 1998, 13: 2812–2815.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. BRENNER C.A., BARRITT J.A., WILLADSEN S., COHEN J.: Mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy after human ooplasmic transplantation. Fertil. Steril., 2000, 74: 573–578.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. BROSSFIELD J.E., CHAN P.J., PATTON W.C., KING A.: Tenacity of exogenous human papillomavirus DNA in sperm washing. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet., 1999, 16: 325–328.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. BRUGO-OLMEDO S., DE VINCENTIIS S., CALAMERA J.C., URRUTIA F., NODAR, F., ACOSTA A.: Serum inhibin B may be a reliable marker of the presence of testicular spermatozoa in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia. Fertil. Steril., 2001, 76: 1124–1129.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. CALOGERO A.E., BURRELLO N., DE PALMA A., BARONE N., D’AGATA R., VICARI E.: Sperm aneuploidy in infertile men. Review. Reprod. BioMed. Online, 2003, 6: 310–317.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. CHAN A.W., LUETJENS C.M., DOMINKO T.: Transgen ICSI reviewed: foreign DNA transmission by intracytoplasmic sperm injection in rhesus monkey. Mol. Reprod. Develop., 2000, 56: 325–328.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. CRAM D.S., SONG B., MCLACHLAN R.I., TROUNSON A.O.: CAG trinucleotide repeats in the androgen receptor gene of infertile men exhibit stable inheritance in female offspring conceived after ICSI. Mol. Hum. Reprod., 2000, 6: 861–866.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. CUMMINS J.M.: Fertilization and elimination of the paternal mitochondrial genome. Review. Hum. Reprod., 2000, 15: (Suppl 2) 92–101.

    Google Scholar 

  24. DEVROEY P., LIU J., NAGY Z., TOURNAYE H., SILBER S.J., VAN STEIRTEGHEM A.C.: Normal fertilization of human oocytes after testicular sperm extraction and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil. Steril., 1994, 62: 639–641.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. DEVROEY P., LIU J., NAGY Z.: Pregnancies after testicular sperm extraction and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in nonobstructive azoospermia. Hum. Reprod., 1995, 10: 1457–1460.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. DE CROO I., VAN DER ELST J., EVERAERT K., DE SUTTER P., DHONT M.: Fertilization, pregnancy and embryo implantation rates after ICSI in cases of obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum. Reprod., 2000, 15: 1383–1388.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. DHONT M., DE SUTTER P., RUYSSINCK G., MARTENS G., BEKAERT A.: Perinatal outcome of pregnancies after assisted reproduction: a case-control study. Am. J. Obst. Gynecol., 1999, 181: 688–695.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. DOWSING A.T., YONG E.L., CLARK M., MCLACHLAN R., DE KRETSER D.M., TROUNSON A.O.: Linkage between male infertility and trinucleotide repeat expansion in the androgen-receptor gene. Lancet, 1999, 354: 640–643.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. DOYLE P., BERAL V., MACONOCHIE N.: Preterm delivery, low birthweight and small-for-gestational-age in liveborn singleton babies resulting fromin vitro fertilization. Hum. Reprod., 1992, 7: 425–428.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. EDIRISINGHE W.R., MURCH A., JUNK S., YOVICH J.L.: Cytogenetic abnormalities of unfertilized oocytes generated fromin vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a double-blind study. Hum. Reprod., 1997, 12: 2784–2791.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. EDWARDS R.G.: Widening perspectives of intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Nature Med., 1999, 5: 377–378.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. EDWARDS R.G., LUDWIG M.: Are major defects in children conceivedin vitro due to innate problems in patients or to induced genetic damage? <www.rbmonline.com/Article/927 >Reprod. Biomed. Online, 2003, 7: (sous presse).

  33. EGOZCUE J., BLANCO J., VIDAL F.: Chromosome studies in human sperm nuclei using fluorescencein-situ hybridization (FISH). Hum. Reprod. Update, 1997, 3: 441–452.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. EYTAN O., HAR-TOOV J., FAIT G. et al.: Vascularity index distribution within the testis: a technique for guiding testicular sperm extraction. Ultrasound Med. Biol., 2001, 27: 1171–1176.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. FRIEDLER S., RAZIEL A., STRASSBURGER D., SOFFER Y., KOMAROVSKY D., RON-EL R.: Testicular sperm retrieval by percutaneous fine needle sperm aspiration compared with testicular sperm extraction by open biopsy in men with non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum. Reprod., 1997, 12: 1488–1493.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. FRIEDLER S., RAZIEL A., SCHACHTER M., STRASSBURGER D., BERN O., RON-EL R.: Outcome of first and repeated testicular sperm extraction and ICSI in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia. Hum. Reprod., 2002, 17: 2356–2361.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. FRIEDLER S., RAZIEL A., STRASSBURGER D., SCHACHTER M., SOFFER Y., RON-EL R.: Factors influencing the outcome of ICSI in patients with obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia: a comparative study. Hum. Reprod., 2002, 17: 114–121.

    Google Scholar 

  38. GARDNER R.L.: Scrambled or bisected mouse eggs and the basis of patterning in mammals. Review. Bioessays, 1999, 21: 271–274.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. GHAZZAWI I.M., SARAF M.G., TAHER M.R., KHALIFA F.A.: Comparison of fertilizing capability of spermatozoa from ejaculates, epididymal aspirates and testicular biopsies using intracylasmic sperm injection. Hum. Reprod., 1998, 13: 348–352.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. GIL-SALOM M., ROMERO J., MINGUEZ Y., MOLERO M.D., REMOHI J., PELLICER A.: Testicular sperm extraction and intracylasmic sperm injection: a chance of fertility in non-obstructive azoospermia. J. Urol., 1998, 160: 2063–2067.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. GILTAY J.C., KASTROP P.M., TUERLINGS J.H. et al.: Subfertile men with constitutive chromosome abnormalities do not necessarily refrain from intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment: a follow-up study on 75 Dutch patients. Hum. Reprod., 1999, 14, 318–320.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. GOSDEN R., TRASLER J., LUCIFERO D., FADDY M.: Rare congenital disorders, imprinted genes, and assisted reproductive technology, Review. Lancet, 2003, 361: 1975–1977.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. HANSEN M., KURINCZUK J.J., BOWER C., WEBB S.: The risk of major birth defects after intracytoplasmic sperm injection andin vitro fertilization. New Engl. J. Med., 2002, 346: 725–730.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. HEWITSON L., TAKAHASHI D., DOMINKO T., SIMERLY C., SCHATTEN G.: Fertilization and embryo development to blastocysts by intracytoplasmic sperm injection in the rhesus monkey. Hum. Reprod., 1998, 13: 2786–2790.

    Google Scholar 

  45. HEWITSON L., DOMINKO T., TAKAHASHI D. et al.: Unique checkpoints during the first cell cycle of fertilization after intracytoplasmic sperm injection in rhesus monkeys. Nature Med., 1999, 5: 431–433.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. KAHRAMAN S., OZGUR S., ALATAS C. et al.: High implantation and pregnancy rates with testicular sperm extraction and intracylasmic sperm injection in obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum. Reprod., 1996, 11: 673–676.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. KENT-FIRST M.G., KOL S., MUALLEM A. et al.: The incidence and possible relevance of Y-linked microdeletions in babies born after intracytoplasmic sperm injection and their infertile fathers. Mol. Hum. Reprod., 1996, 2: 943–950.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. KIMURA Y., YANAGIMACHI R.: Development of normal mice from oocytes injected with secondary spermatocyte nuclei. Biol. Reprod., 1995, 53: 855–862.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. KLEIMAN S.E., MAYMON B.B., YOGEV L., PAZ G., YAVETZ H.: The prognostic role of the extent of Y microdeletion on spermatogenesis and maturity of Sertoli cells. Review. Hum. Reprod., 2001, 16 SD: 399–402.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. KOVALEVSKY G., RINAUDO P., COUTIFARIS C.: Do assisted reproductive technologies cause adverse fetal outcomes? Fertil. Steril., 2003, 79: 1270–1272.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. KREMER J.A., TUERLINGS J.H., BORM G. et al.: Does intracytoplasmic sperm injection lead to a rise in the frequency of microdeletions in the AZFc region of the Y chromosome in future generations? Hum. Reprod., 1998, 13: 2808–2811.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. KUPKER W., SCHULZE W., DIEDRICH K.: Ultrastructure of gametes and intracytoplasmic sperm injection: the significance of sperm morphology. Mol. Hum. Reprod., 1998, 13 (Suppl. 1): 99–106.

    Google Scholar 

  53. KURINCZUK J.J., BOWER C.: Birth defects in infants conceived by intracytoplasmic sperm injection-an alternative interpretation. Brit. Med. J., 1997, 315: 1260–1265.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. LACEY R.W., DEALLER S.F.: Vertical transfer of prion disease. Hum. Reprod., 1994 9: 1792–1800.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. LANZENDORF S.E., MALONEY M.K., VEECK L.L., SLUSSER J., HODGEN G.D., ROSENWAKS Z.: A preclinical evaluation of pronuclear formation by microinjection of human spermatozoa into human oocytes. Fertil. Steril., 1988, 49: 835–842.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. LEWIN L.M., LEVEK-MOTOLA N., GOLAN R. et al.: Flow cytometric ploidy analysis of semen cells as a non-invasive diagnostic method for assessing spermatogenesis in azoospermic patients. In: Proceedings Vol. 15th Congress EuroMedLab, Barcelona 2003. Bologna, Monduzzi Editore Spa, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  57. LOFT A., PETERSEN K., ERB K. et al.: A Danish national cohort of 730 infants born after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) 1994–1997. Hum. Reprod., 1999, 14: 2143–2148.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. LUDWIG M., SCHROEDER A.K., DIEDRICH K.: Impact of intracytoplasmic sperm injection on the activation and fertilization process of oocytes. Reprod. BioMed. Online, 2001, 3: 230–240.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. LUETJENS C.M., PAYNE C., SCHATTEN G.: Non-random chromosome positioning in human sperm and sex chromosome anomalies following intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Lancet, 1999, 353: 1240.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. MANSOUR R.T., KAMAL A., FAHMY I., TAWAB N., SEROUR G.I., ABOULGHAR M.A.: Intracylasmic sperm injection in obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum. Reprod., 1997, 12: 1974–1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. MAYMON B.B., YOGEV L., PAZ G. et al.: Sertoli cell matura in men with azoospermia of different etiologies. Fertil. Steril., 2002, 77: 904–909.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. MCINNES B., RADEMAKER A., GREENE C.A., KO E., BARCLAY L., MARTIN R.H.: Abnormalities for chromosomes 13 and 21 detected in spermatozoa from infertile men. Hum. Reprod., 1998, 13: 2787–2790.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. MERCAN R., URMAN B., ALATAS C. et al.: Outcome of testicular sperm retrieval procedures in non-obstructive azoospermia: precutaneous aspiration versus open biopsy. Hum. Reprod., 2000, 15: 1548–1551.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. MESCHEDE D., LEMCKE B., BEHRE H.M., DE GEYTER C., NIESCHLAG E., HORST J.: Clustering of male infertility in the families of couples treated with intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum. Reprod., 2000, 15: 1604–1608.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. MESCHEDE D., LEMCKE B., BEHRE H.M., DE GEYTER C.D., NIESCHLAG E., HORST J.: Non-reproductive heritable disorders in infertile couples and their first degree relatives. Hum. Reprod., 2000, 15: 1609–1612.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. MIHARU N., BEST R.G., YOUNG S.R.: Numerical chromosome abnormalities in spermatozoa of fertile and infertile men detected by fluorescencein situ hybridization. Hum. Genetics, 1994, 93: 502–506.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. MILLER D., BRIGGS D., SNOWDEN H. et al.: A complex population of RNAs exists in human ejaculate spermatozoa: implications for understanding molecular aspets of spermiogenesis. Gene, 1999, 237: 385–392.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. MOLL A.C., IMHOF S.M., CRUYSBERG J.R., SCHOUTENVAN MEETEREN A.Y., BOERS M., VAN LEEUWEN F.E.: Incidence of retinoblastoma in children born afterin vitro fertilisation. Lancet, 2003, 361: 309–310.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. MULHALL J.P., BURGESS C.M., CUNNINGHAM D., CARSON R., HARRIS D., OATES R.D.: Presence of mature sperm in testicular parenchyma of men with non-obstructive azoospermia: prevalence and predictive factors. Urology, 1997, 49: 91–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. NAGY Z., LIU J., JORIS H., BOCKEN G. et al.: The result of intracytoplasmic sperm injection is not related to any of the three basic sperm parameters. Hum. Reprod., 1995, 10: 1123–1129.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. PAGE D.C., SILBER S., BROWN L.G.: Men with infertility caused by AZFc deletion can produce sons by intracytoplasmic sperm injection, but are likely to transmit the deletion and infertility. Hum. Reprod., 1999, 14: 1722–1726.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. PALERMO G.P., JORIS H., DEVROEY P., VAN STEIRTE-GHEM A.C.: Pregnancies after intracytoplasmic injection of single spermatozoon into an oocyte. Lancet, 1992, 340: 826–835.

    Google Scholar 

  73. PALERMO G.D., COLOMBERO L.T., ROSENWAKS Z.: The human sperm centrosome is responsible for normal syngamy and early embryonic development. Rev. Reprod., 1997, 2: 19–27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. PALERMO G.D., SCHLEGEL P.N., HARIPRASHAD J.J. et al.: Fertilization and pregnancy outcome with intracylasmic sperm injection for azoospermic men. Hum. Reprod., 1999, 14: 741–748.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. PALERMO G.D., TAKEUCHI T., NERI Q.V., KATAGIRI Y., VEECK L.L., ROSENWAKS Z.: Applicaton of intracytoplasmic sperm injection in assisted reproductive technologies. Reprod. BioMed., 2003, 6: 456–463.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. PANG M.G., HOEGERMAN S.F., CUTICCHIA A.J. et al.: Detection of aneuploidy for chromosomes 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 21, X and Y by fluorescencein situ hybridization in spermatozoa from nine patients with oligoastheno-teratozoospermia undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum. Reprod., 1999, 14: 1266–1273.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. PAZ G., GAMZU R., YAVETZ H.: Diagnosis of nonobstructive azoospermia: the laboratory perspective. Review. J. Androl., 2003, 24: 167–169.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. PERRY A.C.F., WAKAYAMA T., KISHIKAWA H., KASAI M., TOYODA Y., YANAGIMACHI R.: Mammalian transgenesis by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Science, 1999, 284: 1180–1183.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. PETERSEN K., HORNNES P.J., ELLINGSEN S. et al. Perinatal outcome afterin vitro fertilization. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scandinav., 1995, 74: 129–131.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. PIOTROWSKA K., ZERNICKA-GOETZ M.: Role for sperm in spatial patterning of the early mouse embryo. Nature, 2001, 409: 517–521.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. PLACHOT M.: Les risques génétiques spécifiques de l’ICSI. Contracept. Fertil. Sexual., 1996, 24: 577–580.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. RON-EL R., STRAUSS S., FRIEDLER S., STRASSBURGER D., KOMAROVSKY D., RAZIEL A.: Serial sonography and colour flow Doppler imaging following testicular and epididymal sperm extraction. Hum. Reprod., 1998, 13: 3390–3393.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. RON-EL R., STRASSBURGER D., FRIEDLER S., KOMAROVSKY D., BERN O., RAZIEL A.: Repetitive ejaculation before intracytoplasmic sperm injection in patients with absolute immotile spermatozoa. Hum. Reprod., 1998, 13: 630–633.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. SANTHANANTHAN A.H., KOLA I., OSBORNE J. et al.: Centroles in the beginning of human development. Review. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1991, 88: 4806–4810.

    Google Scholar 

  85. SCHATTEN G.: The centrosome and its mode of inheritance: the reduction of the centrosome during gametogenesis and its restoration during fertilisation. Dev. Biol., 1994, 165: 299–325.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. SCHATTEN G., HEWITSON L., SIMERLY C., SUTOVSKY P., HUSZAR G.: Cell and molecular biological challenges of ICSI: ART before science? J Law Med. Ethics, 1998, 26: 29–37.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. SCHATTEN G.P.: Safeguarding ART. Nature Cell Biol., Fertility Suppl., 2002, 4(S1): S19-S22.

    Google Scholar 

  88. SCHIEVE L.A., MEIKLE S.F., FERRE C., PETERSON H.B., JENG G., WILCOX L.S.: Low and very low birth weight in infants conceived with assisted reproductive technology low and very low birth weight in infants conceived with use of assisted reproductive technology. New Engl. J. Med., 2002, 346: 731–737.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. SCHLEGEL P.N.: Testicular sperm extraction: microdissection improves sperm yield with minimal tissue excision. Hum. Reprod., 1999, 14: 131–135.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. SCHOYSMAN R., VANDERZWALMEN P., NIJS M. et al.: A pregnancy obtained with human testicular spermatozoa in an in vitro fertilization program. J. Androl. 1994, 15 (Suppl): 10S-13S.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. SHUFARO Y., PRUS D., LAUFER N., SIMON A.: Impact of repeated testicular fine needle aspirations (TEFNA) and testicular sperm extraction (TESE) on the microscopic morphology of the testis: an animal mode. Hum. Reprod., 2002, 17: 1795–1799.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. SIFFROI J.P., LE BOURHIS C., KRAUSZ C. et al.: Sex chromosome mosaicism in males carrying Y chromosome long arm deletions. Hum. Reprod., 2000, 15: 2559–2562.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. SIFFROI J.P., CHANTOT-BASTARAUD S., RAVEL C.: Origines géniques et chromosomiques des anomalies de la spermatogenèse: aspects cliniques et rapports avec les modèles animaux. Gynécol. Obstét. Fertil., 2003, 31: 504–515.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. SILBER S.J., VAN STEIRTEGHEM A.C., LIU J., NAGY Z., TOURNAYE H., DEVROEY P.: High fertilization and pregnancy rate after intracytoplasmic sperm injection with spermatozoa obtained from testicle biopsy. Hum. Reprod., 1995, 10: 148–152.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. SILBER S.J., NAGY Z., DEVROEY P., CAMUS M., VAN STEITEGHEM A.C.: The effect of female age and ovarian reserve on pregnancy rate in male infertility: treatment of azoospermia with sperm retrieval and intracylasmic sperm injection. Hum. Reprod. 1997, 12: 2693–2700.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. SILBER S.J., ALAGAPPAN R., BROWN L.G., PAGE D.C.: Y chromosome deletions in azoospermic and severely oligozoospermic men undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection after testicular sperm extraction. Hum. Reprod., 1998, 13: 3332–3337.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. SILBER S.J., REPPING S.: Transmission of male infertility to future generations: lessons from the Y chromosome. Hum. Reprod. Update, 2002, 8: 217–229.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. SILVA C.P., KOMMINENI K., OLDENBOURG R., KEEFE D.L.: The first polar body does not predict accurately the location of the metaphase II meiotic spindle in mammalian oocytes. Fertil. Steril., 1999, 71: 719–721.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. SIMERLY C., WU G.J., ZORAN S.: The paternal inheritance of the centrosome, the cell’s microtubule-organizing center, in humans, and the implications for infertility. Nature Med., 1995, 1: 47–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. SIMONI M., BAKKER E., EURLINGS M.C.M. et al.: Laboratory guidelines for molecular diagnosis of Y-chromosomal microdeletions. Int. J. Androl., 1999, 22: 292–299.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. SIMONI M.: Molecular diagnosis of Y chromosome microdeletions in Europe: state-of-the-art and quality control. Hum. Reprod., 2001, 16: 402–409.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. ST JOHN J.C.: Ooplasm donation in humans. The need to investigate the transmission of mitochondrial DNA following cytoplasmic transfer. Hum. Reprod., 2002, 17: 1954–1958.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. STRASSBURGER D., REICHART M., KAUFMAN S. et al.: Morphology and fluoresencein situ hybridization on the same sperm cell controlled by computerized cell scanning system. ESHRE 2003 Abst O-231. Hum. Reprod., 2003, 18 (Suppl 1): 79–80.

    Google Scholar 

  104. TALLO C.P., VOHR B., OH W., RUBIN L.P., SEIFER D.B., HANING R.V. Jr.: Maternal and neonatal morbidity associated within vitro fertilization. J. Pediatr., 1995, 127: 794–800.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. TARLATZIS B., BILI H.: Survey on intracylasmic sperm injection: report from the ESHRE ICSI Task Force. Hum. Reprod., 1998, 13 (Suppl. 1): 165–177.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. TASDEMIR I., TASDEMIR M., TAVUKCUOGLU S., KAHRAMAN S., BIBEROGLU K.: Effect of abnormal sperm head morphology on the outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection in humans. Hum. Reprod., 1997, 12: 1214–1217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. TESARIK J., MENDOZA C.: Using the male gamete for assisted reproduction: past, present and future. J. Androl., 2003, 24: 317–328.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. TOURNAYE H., LIU J., NAGY P.Z. et al.: Correlation between testicular histology and outcome after intracylasmic sperm injection using testicular spermatozoa. Hum. Reprod., 1996, 11: 127–132.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. TOURNAYE H., LIU J., NAGY Z., VERHEYEN G., VAN STEIRTEGHEM A.C., DEVROEY P.: The use of testicular sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection in patients with necro-zoospermia. Fertil. Steril., 1996, 66: 331–334.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. TOURNAYE H., VERHEYEN G., NAGY P. et al.: Are there any predictive factors for successful testicular sperm recovery in azoospermic patients? Hum. Reprod., 1997, 12: 80–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. TOURNAYE H., LISSENS W., LIEBAERS I. et al.: Heritability of sterility: clinical implications. In: Genetics of Human Male Fertility, Barratt C., De Jonge C., Mortimer D., Parinaud D. eds. Paris, Editions EDK, 1997: 123–144.

    Google Scholar 

  112. TOURNAYE H.: ICSI, too far? Int. J. Androl., 2003, 26: 63–69.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. TSUJIMURA A., MATSUMIYA K., MIYAGAWA Y. et al.: Conventional multiple or microdissection testicular sperm extraction: a comparative study. Hum. Reprod., 2002, 17: 2924–2929.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. TUT T.G., GHADESSY F.J., TRIFIRO M.A., PINSKY, L., YONG E.L.: Long polyglutamine tracts in the androgen receptor are associated with reduced trans-activation, impaired sperm production, and male infertility. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1997, 82: 3777–3782.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. UBALDI F., NAGY Z.P., RIENZI L. et al.: Reproductive capacity of spermatozoa from men with testicular failure. Hum. Reprod., 1999, 14: 2796–2780.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. VAN GOLDE R., BOADA M., VEIGA A., EVERS J., GERAEDTS J., BARRI P: A retrospective follow-up study on intracyto-plasmic sperm injection. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet., 1999, 16: 227–232.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. VAN BLERKOM J.: Sperm centrosome dysfunction: a possible new class of male factor infertility in the human. Mol. Hum. Reprod., 1996, 2: 349–354.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. VAN STEIRTEGHEM A., BONDUELLE M., DEVROEY P., LIEBAERS I.: Follow-up of children born after ICSI. Hum. Reprod. Update, 2002, 8: 111–116.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. VERNAEVE V., TOURNAYE H., SCHIETTECATTE J., VERHEYEN G., VAN STEIRTEGHEM A., DEVROEY P.: Serum inhibin B cannot predict testicular sperm retrieval in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum. Reprod., 2002, 17: 971–976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. VERNAEVE V., TOURNAYE H., OSMANAGAOGLU K., VERHEYEN G., VAN STEIRTEGHEM A., DEVROEY P.: Intracytoplasmic sperm injection with testicular spermatozoa is less successful in men with nonobstructive azoospermia than in men with obstructive azoospermia. Fertil. Steril, 2003, 79: 529–533.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. VICARI E., GRAZIOSO C., BURELLO N., CANNIZZARO M., D’AGATA R., CALOGERO A.E.: Epididymal and testicular sperm retrieval in azoospermic patients and the outcome of intracylasmic sperm injection in relation to the etiology of azoospermia. Fertil. Steril., 2001, 75: 215–216.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. VON ECKARDSTEIN S., SIMONI M., BERGMANN M. et al.: Serum inhibin B in combination with serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a more sensitive marker than serum FSH alone for impaired spermatogenesis in men, but cannot predict the presence of sperm in testicular tissue samples. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1999, 84: 2496–2501.

    Google Scholar 

  123. WENNERHOLM U.B., BERGH C., HAMBERGER L.: Incidence of congenital malformations in children born after ICSI. Hum. Reprod., 2000, 15: 944–948.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. WESTLANDER G., HAMBERGER L., HANSON C.: Diagnostic epididymal and testicular sperm recovery and genetic aspects in azoospermic men. Fertil. Steril., 1999, 14: 118–122.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. WESTLANDER G., EKERHOVD E., GRANBERG S. et al.: Serial ultrasonography, hormonal profile and antisperm antibody response after testicular sperm aspiration. Hum. Reprod., 2001, 16: 2621–2627.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. WINSTON R., HARDY K.: Are we ignoring potential dangers ofin vitro fertilization and related treatments? Nature Cell Biol., 2002, 4 (S1): 14–18.

    Google Scholar 

  127. WISANTO A., BONDUELLE M., CAMUS M.: Obstetric outcome of 904 pregnancies after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum. Reprod., 1996, 11: 121–129.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. YANAGIMACHI R.: Intracytoplasmic sperm injection experiments using the mouse as a model. Hum. Reprod., 1998, 13 (Suppl. 1): 87–98.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. YAVETZ H., YOGEV L., KLEIMAN S., et al.: Morphology of testicular spermatozoa obtained by testicular sperm extraction in obstructive and nonobstructive azoospermic men and its relation to fertilization success in thein vitro fertilization-intracytoplasmic sperm injection system. J. Androl., 2001, 22: 376–381.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. YOGEV L., GAMZU R., PAZ G.: Rate of homologous chromosome bivalents in spermatocytes may predict completion of spermatogenesis in azoospermic men. Hum. Genet., 2002, 110: 30–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. YOSHIDA A., MIURA K., SHIRAI M.: Chromosome abnormalities and male infertility. Assisted Reprod. Rev., 1996, 6: 93–99.

    Google Scholar 

  132. ZERNICKA-GOETZ M.: Patterning of the embryo: the first spatial decisions in the life of a mouse. Development, 2002, 129: 815–829.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre d’Infertilité Masculine, CHU Assaf Harofé-Zérifin, Faculté de Médecine Sackler, Université de Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israël

    Yigal Soffer

Authors
  1. Yigal Soffer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yigal Soffer.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Soffer, Y. Azoospermies non obstructives; facteurs prédictifs du prélèvement testiculaire et risques de la fécondation assistée. Androl. 14, 34–44 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03035466

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03035466

Mots clés

Key-Words

Basic and Clinical Andrology

ISSN: 2051-4190