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  • Spermiologie
  • Tératozoospermie et AMP
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Syndrome des spermatozoïdes macrocéphales polyflagelles et Assistance Médicale à la Procréation

Macrocephalic spermatozoa syndrome and Assisted Reproductive Medicine

Résumé

Le syndrome des spermatozoïdes macrocéphales est classiquement décrit comme une atteinte de l’ensemble de la population gamétique. L’étiopathogénie de ce syndrome est encore mal déterminée, mais les anomalies méiotiques y sont constantes d’où l’appellation de Déficience de Division Méiotique (Meiotic Division Deficiency, MDD). La ou les mutations en cause ne sont pas déterminées. Plusieurs variants phénotypiques existent.

Nous avons mis en évidence un nouveau variant de ce syndrome, basé sur l’observation de populations gamétiques en mosaïque dans lesquelles coexistent des spermatozoïdes macrocéphales et des spermatozoïdes de taille normale. L’observation de syndromes MDD accompagnés d’une histoire familiale de morts périnatales laisse supposer qu’une atteinte du mécanisme de division des cellules somatiques pourrait accompagner celui des cellules germinales. L’Assistance Médicale à la Procréation (AMP), et plus particulièrement l’injection intra cytoplasmique de spermatozoïde permet d’obtenir des grossesses chez des couples dont le conjoint est proteur de ce syndrome.

Nous envisageons d’étudier des couples dont le conjoint présente une population de spermatozoïdes macrocéphales afin de définir précisément le phénotype morphologique du syndrome des spermatozoïdes macrocéphales en mosaïque (et regrouper les observations en différentes catégories), d’apprécier le type de transmission de ce syndrome par l’établissement d’arbres généalogiques et d’évaluer grâce à la technique d’hybridationin situ en fluorescence le pourcentage de spermatozoïdes de taille normale aneuploïdes. Nous suivrons le parcours de ces couples en AMP et nous rechercherons une incidence accrue de paucifécondation, l’absence d’implantation embryonnaire, de fausses couches spontanées ou de toute anomalie pouvant survenir au cours de la grossesse.

Abstract

The first case of macrocephalic spermatozoa with multiple tails was described in 1977 by Nistalet al. In its classical form (type I), the syndrome comprises a combination of oligoasthenoteratozoospermia, sperm heads of increased size with irregular shapes and multiple flagellae. Fluorescentin situ hybridization (FISH) on sperm chromosomes reveals disorders such as diploidy, triploidy, tetraploidy or aneuploidy. A genetic origin is strongly suggested by the existence of familial cases.

Although the pathophysiology has not been fully elucidated, meiotic disorders are constantly found giving this syndrome the name of Meiotic Division Deficiency (MDD). Several cellular structures may be involved: cytoskeleton disorders (spindle or centrosome) could give rise to abnormal chromosome distribution during meiosis and could explain irregular head shapes. Numerous phenotypes have already been described.

We observed that a population of men attending our infertility center showed an incomplete form of the syndrome, with only a clone of macrocephalic germinal cells. This observation is more common than the classical type. FISH on the spermatozoa of these patients show that normalsized spermatozoa can be aneuploid, with a higher incidence than controls.

The description of a family history of MDD with multiple perinatal deaths reveals that a somatic cell disorder can be associated. In the common type, the low sperm count found in MDD is not compatible with natural fertilization. Intracytoplasmic sperm injections (ICSI) have been performed for these patients, giving rise to pregnancies although fertilization and pregnancy rates were low. Embryos with an incorrect set of chromosomes could result from the injection of aneuploid spermatozoa, or could be due to a mutation affecting both germinal and somatic cell lines, thus explaining abnormal chromosome distribution in the very first segmentation divisions of the embryo.

We plan to study couples attending our infertility center in which men show an increased percentage of macrocephalic spermatozoa, in order to precisely define the morphological phenotype of the mosaic macrocephalic spermatozoa syndrome. We will also assess the type of genetic transmission involved and will use FISH to estimate the percentage of normal-sized spermatozoa showing abnormal chromosome numbers. Follow-up of the couple is necessary for evaluation of fertilization and pregnancy rates in this syndrome.

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Correspondence to Vincent Achard.

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Bourse SALF 2004 de Recherche en Andrologie.

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Achard, V., Guichaoua, MR. Syndrome des spermatozoïdes macrocéphales polyflagelles et Assistance Médicale à la Procréation. Androl. 15, 185–188 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03035152

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03035152

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