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Facteurs paternels influençant le développement embryonnaire

Influence of sperm factors on early human development

Resume

L'influence des facteurs spermatiques sur le développement embryonnaire dans l'espèce humaine a été démontré par la constatation d'une moindre qualité des embryons obtenus en Fécondation In Vitro en cas d'infertilité masculine par rapport aux stérilités tubaires. Les facteurs potentiellement impliqués sont multiples. C'est ainsi que le centrosome du zygote, centre organisateur des microtubules et jouant ainsi un rôle essentiel dans les mitoses, est exclusivement d'origine spermatique et certains échecs de FIV ont pu être reliés à des anomalies du centrosome spermatique. Un facteur cytosolique du spermatozoïde, l'oscilline, est responsable de l'activation ovocytaire post fécondation et pourrait être impliqué dans les retards de clivage constatés dans les anomalies du sperme. Les anomalies chromosomiques constatées dans certaines oligospermies sévères pourraient être responsables d'arrêts de développement embryonnaire. Enfin, les phénomènes d'empreintes génomiques, se produisant lors de la spermatogénèse, pourraient être imparfaits dans les dysfonctionnements testiculaires ce qui conduirait à l'obtention d'embryons ayant des capacités de développement réduites. Toutefois, l'absence d'influence de facteurs spermatiques sur les résultats de l'ICSI tend à montrer que cette technique contourne le problème rencontré en FIV. Dans ces conditions, le facteur le plus probablement impliqué semble être l'activation ovocytaire.

Abstract

The influence of sperm factors on early human embryonic development has been shown through the production of lower quality embryos in case of in vitro fertilization (IVF) for male infertility when compared to tubal infertility. Numerous factors may be implied in this effect. Indeed, zygotic centrosome, cellular organizer having a key role in mitosis, is exclusively from paternal origin and some IVF failures have correlated to centrosome deficiencies. A sperm cytosolic protein, oscillin, induces oocyte activation after sperm-egg fusion and could be responsible of clivage retardations observed in sperm abnormalities. Paternal chromosomal abnormalities, shown in as much as 8% of severe oligospermia, could lead to development blockage of the embryos. Last, genome imprinting during spermatogenesis, could be impaired in testicular dysfunctions, and thus the embryos could have low developmental abilities. However, it must be pointed out that no influence of sperm quality has been found using intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) procedures. Thus we can postulate that this technique alleviate the problem found with IVF. Thus the factor involved in the paternal effect on early embryogenesis is likely oocyte activation

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Parinaud, J. Facteurs paternels influençant le développement embryonnaire. Androl. 7, 220–226 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03034935

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