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Chimiothérapie anticancéreuse chez le mâle: risques pour la descendance

Chemotherapy in the male: Risks for progeny

Resume

Les études concernant la descendance des hommes sous chimithérapie sont difficiles à interpréter parce que, jusqu'à présent, elles sont souvent hétérogènes et parfois contradictoires. En outre, le suivi à long terme des enfants n'a pas été entrepris.

Les études expérimentales faites chez le rat avec le cyclophosphamide montrent que si le croisement du mâle a lieu pendant le traitement, le nombre des pertes embryonnaires et des malformations foetales est important; si le croisement a lieu après une période de récupération d'un à deux cycles spermatogénétiques on n'observe pas de malformation mais des morts néonatales et, chez la progéniture adulte, des troubles du comportement et de l'apprentissage. Ces anomalies, transmissibles, peuvent présenter les caractères de syndromes autosomiques dominants. Mais elles sont susceptibles de réarrangements génétiques complexes s'exprimant par exemple, à la troisième génération, par des troubles de la croissance pondérale. Les résultats expérimentaux suggèrent enfin la possibilité d'une réparation génétique en fonction du temps.

Ces données et les incertitudes concernant les conséquences de la chimiothérapie chez l'homme devraient systématiquement conduire:

  • - à la conservation du sperme avant tout traitement présentant un risque mutagène;

  • - à une contraception d'au moins deux ans à partir de la fin du traitement;

  • - au suivi à long terme des enfants nés de pères ainsi traités.

Abstract

Up to now, studies concerning the progeny of males undergoing chemotherapy have been difficult to interpret because of their heterogeneity and conflicting nature. Morever, the long term follow up of children has not been carried out.

Experimental studies carried out with the cytostatic drug cyclophosphamide have shown that if mating of male rats takes place during the treatment, the frequency of post-implantation losses and fetal malformations increases. If this mating takes place after a recovery period of one to two seminiferous cycles, there is no malformation but only neonatal deaths, and behavioral disorders in adult progeny including diminished learning capacity. These abnormalities are inherited and can present the characteristics of dominant autosomic syndromes. Biochemical analyses of the brains of the first and second generation offspring from treated males show a decrease in two biochemical substrates of memory: hippocampal choline acetyltransferase and fronto-parietal cortex norepinephrine. Abnormalities can also present complex genetic rearrangements revealed in the third generation by, amongst other things, increases in weight gain. Finally, the experimental results suggest that genetic repair may be possible with time.

These data and the uncertainty concerning the consequences of chemotherapy in males should systematically lead to:

  • - the cryopreservation of sperm before any mutagenic treatment;

  • - a minimum of two years contraception from the end of treatment;

  • - the long term follow up of children born from treated fathers.

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Auroux, M. Chimiothérapie anticancéreuse chez le mâle: risques pour la descendance. Androl. 5, 465–475 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03034530

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