Skip to main content
  • Génétique
  • Published:

Syndrome de klinefelter et conseil génétique

Genetic counselling in Klinefelter’s syndrome

Résumé

Le syndrome de Klinefelter a longtemps été considéré comme synonyme de stérilité masculine jusqu’à l’apparition des techniques d’ICSI. La possibilité pour des hommes à caryotype anormal d’avoir une descendance propre a, dès lors, posé la question du risque génétique pour cette dernière. Grâce aux méthodes d’analyse des chromosomes des spermatozoïdes, après fécondation hétérospécifique homme-hamster ou par hybridation in situ de sondes fluorescentes, il a pu être montré que les spermatozoïdes retrouvés chez un nombre non négligeable de sujets Klinefelter avaient le plus souvent un contenu chromosomique équilibré, ce qui a été confirmé par la normalité du caryotype de la plupart des enfants nés après ICSI à partir de ces hommes. Cependant, l’augmentation, faible mais significative chez eux, des spermatozoïdes disomiques pour les gonosomes laisse penser que leur spermatogenèse s’effectue dans un environnement testiculaire défavorable quant au contrôle de la ségrégation chromosomique à la méïose. Cette constatation peut être étendue aux autosomes et incite à la prudence dans le suivi génétique des grossesses.

Abstract

Klinefelter’s syndrome is a common sex chromosomal aberration generally characterized by hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism and azoospermia. However, spermatogenesis impairment is variable and severe oligozoospermia can be found in some men, particularly those exhibiting a mosaic karyotype 47,XXY/ 46,XY. New reproductive technologies, such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), allow Klinefelter patients to have a progeny, even those who are azoospermic after testicular sperm recovery. The question therefore arises of whether or not there is a genetic risk for pregnancies from affected fathers. Sperm karyotyping, by in vitro penetration of zona-free hamster eggs or by fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH), is a method of choice for measuring aneuploidy rate in spermatozoa of patients carrying gonosomal abnormalities. A theoretical model would predict a high level of 24,XX and/or 24,XY disomic sperm cells in Klinefelter patients if 47,XXY spermatogonia were able to complete meiosis and achieve spermatogenesis. Interestingly, current observations show that the rate of abnormal spermatozoa in these patients is low, around 1–2%, which indicates that only 46,XY spermatogonia can produce mature sperm cells and that oligozoospermic Klinefelter patients probably carry a 47,XXY / 46,XY mosaicism, at least at the testicular level. However, this low but statistically significant level of disomic spermatozoa emphasizes the fact that their spermatogenesis occurs in a compromised environment which could increase the risk of meiotic errors. Therefore, the possible occurrence of autosomal aneuploidies in children born from Klinefelter fathers leads to the following recommendations: a) individual analysis by FISH of the sperm aneuploidy rate in each Klinefelter patient candidate for ICSI; b) proposal of fetal karyotyping after amniocentesis in pregnancies obtained by this technique.

Références

  1. BIELANSKA M., TAN S.L., AO A.: Fluorescence in situ hybridization of sex chromosomes in spermatozoa and spare preimplantation embryos of a Klinefelter syndrome 46,XY/47,XXY male. Hum. Reprod., 2000, 15: 440–444.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. BLANCO J., EGOZCUE J., VIDAL F.: Apoptosis and non-disjunction in XXY and XYY. Hum. Reprod., 2000, 15, abst. 1, 48.

    Google Scholar 

  3. CHERNOS J.E., MARTIN R.H.: A cytogenetic investigation of the effects of cryopreservation on human sperm. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 1989, 45: 766–777.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. CHEVRET E., ROUSSEAUX S., MONTEIL M.et al.: Increased incidence of hyperhaploid 24,XY spermatozoa detected by three-colour FISH in a 46,XY/47,XXY male. Hum. Genet., 1996, 97: 171–175.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. COZZI J., CHEVRET E., ROUSSEAUX S.et al.: Achievement of meiosis in XXY germ cells: study of 543 sperm karyotypes from an XY / XXY mosaic patient. Hum. Genet., 1994, 93: 32–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. ESTOP A.M., MUNNE S., CIEPLY K.M., VANDERMARK K.K., LAMB A.N., FISCH H.: Meiotic products of a Klinefelter 47, XXY male as determined by sperm fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. Hum. Reprod., 1998, 13: 124–127.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. FORESTA C., GALEAZZI C., BETTELLA A.et al.: Analysis of meiosis in intratesticular germ cells from subjects affected by classic Klinefelter’s syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1999, 84: 3807–3810.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. GILTAY J.C., VAN GOLDE R.J.T., KASTROP P.M.M.: Analysis of spermatozoa from seven ICSI males with constitutional sex chromosomal abnormalities by fluorescent in situ hybridization. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet., 2000, 17: 151–155.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. GUTTENBACH M., ENGEL W., SCHMID M.: Analysis of structural and numerical chromosome abnormalities in sperm of normal men and carriers of constitutional chromosome aberrations. A review. Hum. Genet., 1997, 100: 1–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. GUTTENBACH M., MICHELMANN H.W., HINNEY B., ENGEL W., SCHMID M.: Segregation of sex chromosomes into sperm nuclei in a man with 47, XXY Klinefelter’s karyotype: a FISH analysis. Hum. Genet., 1997, 99: 474–477.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. HINNEY B., GUTTENBACH M., SCHMID M., ENGEL W., MICHELMANN H.W.: Pregnancy after intracytoplasmic sperm injection with sperm from a man with a 47, XXY Klinefelter’s karyotype. Fertil. Steril., 1997, 68: 718–720.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. KRUSE R., GUTTENBACH M., SCHARTMANN B.et al.: Genetic counselling in a patient with XXY/XXXY /XY mosaic Klinefelter’s syndrome: estimate of sex chromosome aberrations in sperm before intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil. Steril., 1998, 69: 482–485.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. LEVRON J., AVIRAM-GOLDRING A., MADGAR I., RAVIV G., BARKAI G., DOR J.: Sperm chromosome analysis and outcome of IVF in patients with nonmosaic Klinefelter’s syndrome. Fertil. Steril., 2000, 74: 925–929.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. LIM A.S., FONG Y., YU S.L.: Estimates of sperm sex chromosome disomy and diploidy rates in a 47, XXY / 46,XY mosaic Klinefelter patient. Hum. Genet., 1999, 104: 405–409.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. MOOSANI N., CHERNOS J., LOWRY R.B., MARTIN R.H.: A 47, XXY fetus resulting from ICSI in a man with an elevated frequency of 24, XY spermatozoa. Hum. Reprod., 1999, 14: 1137–1139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. MOREL F., ROUX C., BRESSON J.L.: Segregation of sex chromosomes in spermatozoa of 46,XY / 47, XXY men by multicolour fluorescence in situ hybridization. Mol. Hum. Reprod., 2000, 6: 566–570.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. MROZ K., HASSOLD T.J., HUNT P.A.: Meiotic aneuploidy in the XXY mouse: evidence that a compromised testicular environment increases the incidence of meiotic errors. Hum. Reprod., 1998, 14: 1151–1156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. NODAR F., DE VINCENTIIS S., OLMEDO S.B., PAPIER S., URRUTIA F., ACOSTA A.A.: Birth of twin males with normal karyotype after intracytoplasmic sperm injection with use of testicular spermatozoa from a nonmosaic patient with Klinefelter’s syndrome. Fertil. Steril., 1999, 71: 1149–1152.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. REUBINOFF B.E., ABELIOVICH D.A., WERNER M., SCHENKER J.G., SAFRAN A., LEWIN A.: A birth in non-mosaic Klinefelter’s syndrome after fine needle aspiration, intracytoplasmic sperm injection and preimplantation diagnosis. Hum. Reprod., 1998, 13: 1887–1892.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. RIVES N., JOLY G., MACHY A., SIMEON N., LECLERS P., MACE B.: Assessment of sex chromosome aneuploidy in sperm nuclei from 47, XXY and 46, XY / 47, XXY males: comparison with fertile and infertile males with normal karyotype. Mol. Hum. Reprod., 2000, 6: 107–112.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. RON-EL R., STRASSBURGER D., GELMAN-KOHAN S., FRIEDLER S., RAZIEL A., APPELMAN Z.: A 47, XXY fetus conceived after ICSI of spermatozoa from a patient with non-mosaic Klinefelter’s syndrome: case report. Hum. Reprod., 2000, 15: 1804–1806.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. ROUSSEAUX S., HAZZOURI M., PELLETIER R., MONTEIL M., USSON Y., SELE B.: Disomy rates for chromosomes 14 and 21 studied by fluorescent in-situ hybridization in spermatozoa from three men over 60 years of age. Mol. Hum. Reprod., 1998, 4: 695–699.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. STAESSEN C., COONEN E., VAN ASSCHE E.et al.: Preimplantation diagnosis for X and Y normality in embryos from three Klinefelter patients. Hum. Reprod., 1996, 11: 1650–1653.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. TOURNAYE H., STAESSEN C., LIEBAERS I.et al.: Testicular sperm recovery in nine 47, XXY Klinefelter patients. Hum. Reprod., 1996, 11: 1644–1649.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. VEGETTI W., VAN ASSCHE E., FRIAS A.et al.: Correlation between semen parameters and sperm aneuploidy rates investigated by fluorescence in-sity hybridization in infertile men. Hum. Reprod., 2000, 15: 351–365.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. P. Siffroi.

Additional information

Communication au XVIIème Congrès de la SALF, 7–8 décembre 2000, Bordeaux

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Siffroi, J.P. Syndrome de klinefelter et conseil génétique. Androl. 11, 9–14 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03034505

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03034505

Mots clés

Key Words