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Une forme de cryptorchidie d’origine génétique: le syndrome de persistance des canaux de Müller

A genetic form of cryptorchidism: Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome

Resume

Le syndrome de persistance des canaux de Müller (PMDS) est une forme rare de pseudohermaphrodisme masculin caractérisé par la présence de dérivés Müllériens chez un sujet 46, XY normalement virilisé. Les circonstances de découverte sont chirurgicales, à l’occasion d’une intervention pour une cryptorchidie ou pour une cure de hernie inguinale.

Une étude génétique réalisée sur 76 familles de sujets porteurs d’un PMDS a montré que des anomalies de l’hormone anti-Müllérienne (AMH) ou de l’un de ses récepteurs (AMHR-II) étaient observées chez 85% des familles étudiées, ce syndrome se transmettant selon un mode autosomique récessif. Pour les 15% des cas restants, l’origine du PMDS reste encore inconnue, aucune anomalie n’ayant été trouvée sur ces deux gènes.

L’AMH est synthétisée par les cellules de Sertoli dès le début de la différenciation testiculaire. Cette glycoprotéine, qui fait partie de la famille du Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β), présente une mutation chez 47% des familles de PMDS.

Le récepteur de type II de l’AMH (AMHR-II) est exprimé par les cellules mésenchymateuses entourant le canal de Müller. II n’a qu’un seul domaine transmembranaire et possède une activité sérine/thréonine kinase. Chez 38% des familles PMDS étudiées, une anomalie de ce récepteur a été observée.

Abstract

Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS), a rare form of male peudohermaphrodism, is characterized by lack of regression of Müllerian derivatives. These patients are externally phenotypic males in whom the presence of a uterus and Fallopian tubes is discovered during surgical correction of cryptorchidism and/or inguinal hernia. Molecular studies, in a total of 76 PMDS families, were performed by automatic sequencing after amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of different parts of the gene.

AMH, synthesized by Sertoli cells, is a member of the Transforming Growth Factor-β superfamily. The 560 amino-acid glycoprotein is formed by two 70 kDa monomers linked by disulfide bonds. This hormone is cleaved at a proteolytic site 109 amino acids upstream of the C-terminus, yielding the bioactive C-terminal domain and a N-terminus which is not itself bioactive, but which enhances the bioactivity of the C-terminus. The gene, composed of five exons, is located on chromosome 19 (band p13.3). AMH gene mutations are present on the whole length of the gene in 47% of PMDS families. Sixty-one per cent were homozygous due to a high proportion of patients from Arabic or Mediterranean countries, characterized by a high rate of consanguinity. The serum AMH level, assessed by a commercially available enzyme immunoassay technique (ELISA), is extremely low in the great majority of patients, even before puberty when AMH levels are normally high.

AMH binds to two distinct membrane-bound receptors, both serine/threonine kinases. The type II AMH receptor (AMHR-II) binds to the ligand, and this complex recruits receptor type I, which acts as a signal transducer by activating specific cytoplasmic substrates, the Smad molecules.

AMHR-II, coded by a 8 kbp gene on chromosome 12 (band q13), contains 11 exons. Exons 1–3 encode the extracellular domain, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane part and exons 5–11 encode the intracellular serine/threonine kinase domain. An AMHR-II mutation was detected in 38% of PMDS families, characterized by a normal AMH level for the patient’s age. A particular mutation, a deletion of 27 bp in exon 10, was present in 45% of families of this group.

No mutation of either AMH or the AMHR-II gene could be detected in 11 PMDS families.

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Correspondence to Corinne Belville.

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Belville, C., Gonzales, J., Josso, N. et al. Une forme de cryptorchidie d’origine génétique: le syndrome de persistance des canaux de Müller. Androl. 13, 115–121 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03034424

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