Psychological status of infertile men during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic in China: a cross-sectional investigation

Zhang, Zhe; Yang, Yu-Zhuo; Zhang, Hai-Tao; Xi, Yu; Wang, Cun-Tong; Liu, De-Feng; Mao, Jia-Ming; Lin, Hao-Cheng; Tang, Wen-Hao; Zhao, Lian-Ming; Zhang, Xian-Sheng; Dai, Yu-Tian; Jiang, Hui

doi:10.1186/s12610-022-00177-5

Table 2 Multivariable Regression Analysis of Risk Factors Associated with Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, and Post-pandemic Stress

From: Psychological status of infertile men during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic in China: a cross-sectional investigation

Factors	Anxiety ^a		Depression ^b		Post-pandemic stress ^c
Factors	AOR ^d [95% CI]	P	AOR ^d [95% CI]	P	AOR ^d [95% CI]	P
Level of education
Junior high school or below	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		NA
Senior high school or technical secondary school	1.10 [0.86–1.40]	0.443	1.18 [0.93–1.50]	0.175
College degree or higher	1.79 [1.45–2.22]	< 0.001	1.80 [1.45–2.22]	< 0.001
History of psychiatric disorders
No	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		NA
Yes	2.64 [1.58–4.43]	< 0.001	2.50 [1.47–4.28]	0.001	NA
Sleep disorders
No	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
Insomnia	3.10 [2.34–4.11]	< 0.001	3.62 [2.69–4.87]	< 0.001	3.64 [2.52–5.25]	< 0.001
Snoring	1.39 [1.13–1.72]	0.002	1.60 [1.30–1.98]	< 0.001	1.70 [1.15–2.50]	0.007
Both	2.97 [1.56–5.66]	0.001	3.07 [1.57-6.00]	0.001	4.66 [2.26–9.61]	< 0.001
Others	2.42 [1.09–5.37]	0.030	1.98 [0.88–4.47]	0.098	0.00	0.998
Sleeping duration/per night
< 8 h	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		NA
≥ 8 h	0.84 [0.73–0.97]	0.020	0.86 [0.74-1.00]	0.046
Variable	0.63 [0.47–0.84]	0.002	0.64 [0.48–0.86]	0.003
Ongoing treatment
None	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
Medication	1.30 [1.12–1.52]	0.001	1.27 [1.09–1.48]	0.003	0.97 [0.72–1.30]	0.817
Surgical treatment	1.18 [0.73–1.90]	0.497	1.33 [0.83–2.14]	0.243	2.53 [1.27–5.04]	0.008
Others	0.82 [0.63–1.06]	0.137	0.86 [0.67–1.11]	0.240	0.89 [0.53–1.50]	0.664
ED symptom
None	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
Mild	1.58 [1.34–1.86]	< 0.001	1.77 [1.51–2.08]	< 0.001	1.44 [1.00-2.06]	0.049
Moderate to severe	2.15 [1.79–2.57]	< 0.001	2.40 [2.00-2.88]	< 0.001	2.64 [1.86–3.74]	< 0.001
PE symptom
None	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
Suspected	1.21 [0.97–1.51]	0.094	1.16 [0.93–1.45]	0.184	1.67 [1.14–2.47]	0.009
Yes	1.56 [1.29–1.90]	< 0.001	1.88 [1.54–2.29]	< 0.001	2.11 [1.54–2.88]	< 0.001
Did you get fever, fatigue or headache during pandemic?
No	NA		1 [Reference]		NA
Yes	NA		2.26 [1.22–4.21]	0.010	NA
Are you a frontline worker?
No	NA		1 [Reference]		NA
Yes	NA		1.36 [1.09–1.70]	0.007	NA
Have you ever experienced quarantine?
No	NA		1 [Reference]		NA
Centralized			1.37 [0.78–2.40]	0.279
Home			1.29 [1.08–1.55]	0.006
How was your work affected by the pandemic?
None	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
Delayed	1.60 [1.31–1.95]	< 0.001	1.79 [1.47–2.19]	< 0.001	1.56 [1.03–2.37]	0.037
Kept jobless	1.56 [1.06–2.29]	0.023	1.73 [1.18–2.53]	0.005	3.64 [1.98–6.70]	< 0.001
Salary cut or job loss	2.02 [1.70–2.41]	< 0.001	2.16 [1.81–2.57]	< 0.001	2.01 [1.39–2.89]	< 0.001
Workload increased	1.76 [1.32–2.34]	< 0.001	1.73 [1.29–2.31]	< 0.001	2.11 [1.23–3.64]	0.007
Are you worried about you and your relatives infected by coronavirus?
No	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
Yes	1.41 [1.22–1.64]	< 0.001	1.33 [1.13–1.55]	< 0.001	1.53 [1.15–2.03]	0.003
Are you concerned that infection with coronavirus may affect your sexual function?
No	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
Yes	1.40 [1.18–1.67]	< 0.001	1.38 [1.16–1.64]	< 0.001	2.29 [1.70–3.08]	< 0.001
Have you considered choosing cryopreservation of sperm in response to the COVID-19 pandemic?
No	NA		NA		1 [Reference]
Yes	NA		NA		1.50 [1.06–2.10]	0.021
How much do you know about COVID-19?	0.94 [0.91–0.98]	0.001	0.95 [0.91–0.98]	0.004	NA
How much do you desire to receive psychological counseling?	1.10 [1.08–1.13]	< 0.001	1.09 [1.06–1.11]	< 0.001	1.15 [1.11–1.20]	< 0.001

Abbreviation: AOR Adjusted odds ratio, N Not available (variables that were not analyzed because they were not statistically significant in the unadjusted regression model). ED Erectile dysfunction, PE Premature ejaculation, COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019
^aAnxiety was defined as Generalized Anxiety Disorder–7 score of 5 or higher
^bDepression was defined as Patient Health Questionnaire–9 score of 5 or higher
^cPost-pandemic stress was defined as Impact of Event Scale-Revised score of 33 or higher
^dAll of the variables that were statistically significant in the unadjusted regression analysis and those that might convey important information, including education level, job status, history of psychiatric disorders, sleep disorders, sleeping duration, ongoing treatment, sexual function (ED, PE) and COVID-19 related information were entered into the multivariable model

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