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Table 1 Prevalence of Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression and Post-pandemic stress in Population with Personal History and Different Pandemic Experience

From: Psychological status of infertile men during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic in China: a cross-sectional investigation

Factors

Anxiety a

Depression b

Post-pandemic stress c

Mild

n (% d)

Moderate to severe

n (%d)

Total

n (%d)

[95% CI]

P e

Mild

n (%d)

Moderate to severe

n (%d)

Total

n (%d)

[95% CI]

P e

Total

n (%d)

[95% CI]

P e

Level of education

  Junior high school or below

126(2.0%)

57(9.9%)

183(31.9%)

[28.2-35.8%]

0.001

125(21.8%)

74(12.9%)

199(34.7%)

[30.9-38.7%]

0.002

43(7.5%)

[5.6-9.9%]

0.536

  Senior high school or technical secondary school

222(24.8%)

71(7.9%)

293(32.7%)

[29.7-35.8%]

 

227(25.3%)

104(11.6%)

331(36.9%)

[33.8-40.1%]

 

54(6.0%)

[4.6-7.7%]

 

  College degree or higher

791(30.1%)

219(8.3%)

1010(38.4%)

[36.6-40.3%]

 

797(30.3%)

296(11.3%)

1093(41.6%)

[39.7-43.5%]

 

177(6.7%)

[5.8-7.7%]

 

Job status

  Erratic

224(27.7%)

94(11.6%)

318(39.3%)

[36.0-42.7%]

0.044

220(27.2%)

130(16.1%)

350(43.3%)

[39.9-46.7%]

0.018

62(7.7%)

[6.0-9.6%]

0.214

  Steady

915(27.8%)

253(7.7%)

1168(35.5%)

[33.9-37.2%]

 

929(28.2%)

344(10.5%)

1273(38.7%)

[37.1-40.4%]

 

212(6.4%)

[5.6-7.3%]

 

History of psychiatric disorders

  No

1107(27.6%)

322(8.0%)

1429(35.6%)

[34.1-37.1%]

< 0.001

1124(28.0%)

440(11.0%)

1564(38.9%)

[37.4-40.5%]

< 0.001

258(6.4%)

[5.7-7.2%]

< 0.001

  Yes

32(39.0%)

25(30.5%)

57(69.5%)

[59.0-78.7%]

 

25(30.5%)

34(41.5%)

59(72.0%)

[61.6-80.8%]

 

16(19.5%)

[12.1-29.1%]

 

Sleep disorders

  No

824(25.2%)

228(7.0%)

1052(32.2%)

[30.6-33.8%]

< 0.001

847(25.9%)

293(9.0%)

1140(34.9%)

[33.3-36.6%]

< 0.001

166(5.1%)

[4.4-5.9%]

< 0.001

  Insomnia

121(43.5%)

64(23.0%)

185(66.5%)

[60.9-71.9%]

 

106(38.1%)

96(34.5%)

202(72.7%)

[67.2-77.6%]

 

55(19.8%)

[15.4-24.8%]

 

  Snoring

159(33.1%)

41(8.5%)

200(41.7%)

[37.3-46.1%]

 

172(35.8%)

58(12.1%)

230(47.9%)

[43.5-52.4%]

 

40(8.3%)

[6.1-11.1%]

 

  Both

20(40.8%)

13(26.5%)

33(67.3%)

[53.5-79.2%]

 

12(24.5%)

23(46.9%)

35(71.4%)

[57.8-82.6%]

 

13(26.5%)

[15.8-40.0%]

 

  Others

15(55.6%)

1(3.7%)

16(59.3%)

[40.6-76.1%]

 

12(44.4%)

4(14.8%)

16(59.3%)

[40.6-76.1%]

 

0(0.0%)

-

 

Sleeping duration/per night

  < 8 h

515(31.1%)

174 (10.5%)

689(41.7%)

[39.3-44.0%]

< 0.001

514(31.1%)

232(14.0%)

746(45.1%)

[42.7-47.5%]

< 0.001

133(8.0%)

[6.8-9.4%]

< 0.001

  ≥ 8 h

561(26.1%)

151(7.0%)

712(33.1%)

[31.2-35.1%]

 

573(26.7%)

210(9.8%)

783(36.4%)

[34.4-38.5%]

 

128(6.0%)

[5.0-7.0%]

 

  Variable

63(21.4%)

22(7.5%)

85(28.9%)

[24.0-34.3%]

 

62(21.1%)

32(10.9%)

94(32.0%)

[26.8-37.5%]

 

13(4.4%)

[2.5-7.2%]

 

Ongoing treatment

  None

614(25.5%)

203(8.4%)

817(34.0%)

[32.1-35.9%]

< 0.001

632(26.3%)

264(11.0%)

896(37.3%)

[35.3-39.2%]

< 0.001

149(6.2%)

[5.3-7.2%]

< 0.001

  Medication

420(34.0%)

111,9.0%

531(42.9%)

[40.2-45.7%]

 

407(32.9%)

162(13.1%)

569(46.0%)

[43.2-48.8%]

 

94(7.6%)

[6.2-9.2%]

 

  Surgical treatment

25(28.7%)

9(10.3%)

34(39.1%)

[29.3-49.6%]

 

22(25.3%)

17(19.5%)

39(44.8%)

[34.7-55.3%]

 

12(13.8%)

[7.8-22.2%]

 

  Others

80(21.7%)

24(6.5%)

104(28.2%)

[23.8-32.9%]

 

88(23.8%)

31(8.4%)

119(32.2%)

[27.6-37.1%]

 

19(7.5%)

[4.7-11.2%]

 

ED symptom

  None

376(21.4%)

89(5.1%)

465(26.4%)

[24.4-28.5%]

< 0.001

385(21.9%)

113(6.4%)

498(28.3%)

[26.2-30.4%]

< 0.001

58(3.3%)

[2.5-4.2%]

< 0.001

  Mild

416(31.0%)

112(8.3%)

528(39.3%)

[36.7-41.9%]

 

437(32.5%)

152(11.3%)

589(43.9%)

[41.2-46.5%]

 

84(6.3%)

[5.1-7.6%]

 

  Moderate to severe

347(34.9%)

146(14.7%)

493(49.6%)

[46.5-52.7%]

 

327(32.9%)

209(21.0%)

536(53.9%)

[50.8-57.0%]

 

132(13.3%)

[11.3-15.5%]

 

PE symptom

  None

804(26.3%)

187(6.1%)

991(32.5%)

[30.8-34.1%]

< 0.001

818(26.8%)

256(8.4%)

1074(35.2%)

[33.5-36.9%]

< 0.001

140(4.6%)

[3.9-5.4%]

< 0.001

  Suspected

138(31.9%)

44(10.2%)

182(42.1%)

[37.5-46.8%]

 

132(30.6%)

61(14.1%)

193(44.7%)

[40.0-49.4%]

 

42(9.7%)

[7.2-12.8%]

 

  Yes

197(32.1%)

116(18.9%)

313(51.1%)

[47.1-55.0%]

 

199(32.5%)

157(25.6%)

356(58.1%)

[54.1-61.9%]

 

92(15.0%)

[12.3-18.0%]

 

Did you get fever, fatigue or headache during pandemic?

  No

1114(27.6%)

338(8.4%)

1452(36.0%)

[34.5-37.5%]

0.005

1116(27.7%)

462(11.5%)

1578(39.1%)

[37.6-40.6%]

< 0.001

265(6.6%)

[5.8-7.4%]

0.017

  Yes

25(39.1%)

9(14.1%)

34(53.1%)

[41.0-65.0%]

 

33(51.6%)

12(18.8%)

45(70.3%)

[58.4-80.4%]

 

9(14.1%)

[7.2-24.1%]

 

Are you a frontline worker?

  No

979(27.2%)

295(8.2%)

1274(35.4%)

[33.9-37.0%]

0.004

962(26.8%)

416(11.6%)

1378(38.3%)

[36.8-39.9%]

< 0.001

238(6.6%)

[5.8-7.5%]

0.661

  Yes

160(31.7%)

52(10.3%)

212(42.1%)

[37.8-46.4%]

 

187(37.1%)

58(11.5%)

245(48.6%)

[44.3-53.0%]

 

36(7.1%)

[5.1-9.6%]

 

Have you ever experienced quarantine?

  No

879(26.6%)

269(8.1%)

1148(34.7%)

[33.1-36.4%]

< 0.001

873(26.4%)

365(11.0%)

1238(37.5%)

[35.8-39.1%]

< 0.001

216(6.5%)

[5.7-7.4%]

0.051

  Centralized

19(30.2%)

8(12.7%)

27(42.9%)

[31.2-55.2%]

 

22(34.9%)

11(17.5%)

33(52.4%)

[40.2-64.4%]

 

9(14.3%)

[7.3-24.4%]

 

  Home

241(33.0%)

70(9.6%)

311(42.6%)

[39.1-46.2%]

 

254(34.8%)

98(13.4%)

352(48.2%)

[44.6-51.8%]

 

49(6.7%)

[5.1-8.7%]

 

How was your work affected by the pandemic?

  None

290(20.8%)

70(5.0%)

360(25.8%)

[23.6-28.2%]

< 0.001

294(21.1%)

94(6.7%)

388(27.9%)

[25.5-30.3%]

< 0.001

47(3.4%)

[2.5-4.4%]

< 0.001

  Delayed

250(29.7%)

77(9.1%)

327(38.8%)

[35.6-42.2%]

 

252(29.9%)

115(13.7%)

367(43.6%)

[40.3-47.0%]

 

62(7.4%)

[5.7-9.3%]

 

  Kept jobless

29(19.6%)

25(16.9%)

54(36.5%)

[29.1-44.4%]

 

26(17.6%)

33(22.3%)

59(39.9%)

[32.2-47.9%]

 

18(12.2%)

[7.6-18.1%]

 

  Salary cut or job loss

471(32.8%)

153(10.6%)

624(43.4%)

[40.8-46.0%]

 

476(33.1%)

202(14.0%)

678(47.1%)

[44.6-49.7%]

 

122(8.5%)

[7.1-10.0%]

 

  Workload increased

99(35.7%)

22(7.9%)

121(43.7%)

[37.9-49.6%]

 

101(36.5%)

30(10.8%)

131(47.3%)

[41.5-53.2%]

 

25(9.0%)

[6.1-12.8%]

 

Are you worried about you and your relatives infected by coronavirus?

  No

643(24.6%)

189(7.2%)

832(31.8%)

[30.0-33.6%]

< 0.001

655(25.0%)

251(9.6%)

906(34.6%)

[32.8-36.4%]

< 0.001

127(4.9%)

[4.1-5.7%]

< 0.001

  Yes

496(33.5%)

158(10.7%)

654(44.2%)

[41.7-46.7%]

 

494(33.4%)

223(15.1%)

717(48.4%)

[45.9-51.0%]

 

147(9.9%)

[8.5-11.5%]

 

Are you concerned that infection with coronavirus may affect your sexual function?

  No

844(26.0%)

221(6.8%)

1065(32.8%)

[31.2-34.4%]

< 0.001

868(26.7%)

301(9.3%)

1169(36.0%)

[34.4-37.7%]

< 0.001

140(4.3%)

[3.7-5.1%]

< 0.001

  Yes

295(34.7%)

126(14.8%)

421(49.5%)

[46.1-52.8%]

 

281(33.0%)

173(20.3%)

454(53.3%)

[50.0-56.7%]

 

134(15.7%)

[13.4-18.3%]

 

Have you considered choosing cryopreservation of sperm in response to the COVID-19 pandemic?

  No

980(27.2%)

288(8.0%)

1268(35.2%)

[33.6-36.7%]

< 0.001

1009(28.0%)

395(11.0%)

1404(38.9%)

[37.3-40.5%]

0.016

209(5.8%)

[5.1-6.6%]

< 0.001

  Yes

159(32.4%)

59(12.0%)

218(44.4%)

[40.0-48.8%]

 

140(28.5%)

79(16.1%)

219(44.6%)

[40.2-49.0%]

 

65(13.2%)

[10.5-16.4%]

 
  1. Abbreviation: ED, erectile dysfunction; PE, premature ejaculation; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
  2. aScores of 5 to 9 on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder–7 were defined as mild anxiety, and scores of 10 or higher were defined as moderate-to-severe anxiety
  3. bScores of 5 to 9 on the Patient Health Questionnaire–9 were defined as mild depression, and scores of 10 or
  4. higher were defined as moderate-to-severe depression
  5. cPost-pandemic stress was defined as Impact of Event Scale-Revised score of 33 or higher
  6. dThe proportion of different symptom-severity subgroups to each risk-factor subgroup
  7. eχ2 tests were used to compare the prevalence of mild-to-severe mental health symptoms in different populations