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Table 2 Comparison between semen parameters of the first (representing the infection phase) and second (representing the recovery phase) semen analysesa

From: Semen quality changes during infection and recovery phases of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in reproductive-aged patients: a prospective case series

Semen parameters

First analysis

Second analysis

P-value

Mean ± SD (Range) or Frequency (Percentage)

pH

7.6 ± 0.3 (7–8)

7.6 ± 0.3 (7–8)

0.581

Volume (mL)

3.27 ± 0.75 (2–4.6)

3.25 ± 0.76 (2–4.6)

0.813

Sperm concentration (million/mL)

96.5 ± 35.9 (12–154)

104.7 ± 33.8 (15–154)

0.844

Percentage of progressive sperm motility

44.5 ± 6.7 (34–58)

46.5 ± 7.1 (34–58)

0.043

Morphology (% of normal forms)

23.4 ± 17.6 (1–55)

30.6 ± 13 (2–60)

<0.001

Red blood cells (106/ml)

1.07 ± 0.78 (0–2)

1.06 ± 0.76 (0–2)

0.877

Leucocytes (106/ml)

1.2 ± 1 (0–6)

1.1 ± 0.8 (0–2)

0.539

Total semen qualityb

   

 Normal

67 (67%)

89 (89%)

<0.001

 Abnormal

33 (33%)

11 (11%)

  1. aThe pH and volume of semen and the progressive sperm motility were compared, using the paired Student-t test. The other parameters, including sperm concentration and morphology, red blood cells and leucocytes were compared by Wilcoxon test. In addition, the total semen quality was compared, using the Chi-squared test.
  2. bTotal semen quality: This expression considered the quality of semen as a whole (normal or abnormal) relative to the presence or absence of the abnormality, regardless the number of the abnormal parameters.
  3. Abbreviations: pH the potential hydrogen describing the acidity or basicity of semen, SD Standard deviation