|
Variable
|
Categories of serum vitamin D
|
P-value†
|
|---|
|
Deficient (< 10 ng/ml)
|
Insufficient (10–20 ng/ml)
|
Sufficient (> 20 ng/ml)
|
|---|
|
N
|
67
|
119
|
164
| |
|
Demographic information
|
|
Age (year)
|
32.57 ± 0.98
|
35.85 ± 0.83
|
34.89 ± 0.53
|
0.025
|
|
Weight (kg)
|
81.59 ± 1.57
|
82.29 ± 1.14
|
84.49 ± 1.17
|
0.240
|
|
Height (cm)
|
174.75 ± 0.94
|
176.96 ± 0.65
|
176.90 ± 0.60
|
0.104
|
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
26.68 ± 0.42
|
26.25 ± 0.30
|
26.98 ± 0.32
|
0.272
|
|
Serum vitamin D (ng/mL)
|
7.20 ± 0.21
|
14.78 ± 0.28
|
29.37 ± 0.51
|
< 0.001
|
|
University education
|
36 (53.7)
|
61 (51.3)
|
80 (48.8)
|
0.480
|
|
Employee
|
26 (38.8)
|
44 (37.0)
|
52 (31.7)
|
0.149
|
|
Current smoker
|
28 (41.8)
|
48 (40.3)
|
65 (39.6)
|
0.767
|
|
Having varicocele
|
23 (34.3)
|
57 (47.9)
|
70 (42.7)
|
0.443
|
|
Semen parameters
|
|
Semen volume (mL)
|
3.51 ± 0.27
|
3.51 ± 0.13
|
4.18 ± 0.17
|
0.009
|
|
Sperm count (×106/mL)
|
36.44 ± 4.75
|
43.77 ± 3.08
|
48.28 ± 2.72
|
0.068
|
|
Sperm total motility (%)
|
24.96 ± 2.93
|
38.36 ± 1.82
|
43.28 ± 1.64
|
< 0.001
|
|
Normal morphology (%)
|
5.54 ± 0.47
|
6.76 ± 0.28
|
7.77 ± 0.22
|
< 0.001
|
|
Azoospermia
|
|
Yes
|
39 (58.2)
|
57 (47.9)
|
72 (43.9)
|
0.058
|
|
No
|
28 (41.8)
|
62 (52.1)
|
92 (56.1)
|
|
Dietary intake
|
|
Total energy (kcal/d)
|
1757.32 ± 72.78
|
1684.90 ± 47.97
|
1695.50 ± 40.47
|
0.652
|
|
Carbohydrate (g/d)
|
246.19 ± 3.64
|
243.99 ± 2.56
|
249.66 ± 2.48
|
0.286
|
|
Protein (g/d)
|
61.89 ± 1.44
|
61.62 ± 1.07
|
62.98 ± 0.90
|
0.597
|
|
Total fat (g/d)
|
56.60 ± 1.58
|
57.82 ± 1.05
|
54.85 ± 1.01
|
0.139
|
|
Total fiber (g/d)
|
17.55 ± 0.74
|
17.95 ± 0.53
|
18.31 ± 0.46
|
0.665
|
- Data are presented as mean ± standard error or number (% within categories of serum vitamin D)
- Continuous variables calculated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and categorical variables by Chi-square test
- P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant
- BMI Body Mass Index
