Table 2 Studies of the seminal plasma proteomic profile in different biological conditions

Zylbersztejn et al. 2013 [56]

Varicocele

- 67 adolescents in total:

- 21 without varicocele and normal SA;

- 28 with varicocele and normal SA;

- 18 with varicocele and abnormal SA.

From 181 to 323 spots per gel:

- 31 proteins in adolescent without varicocele;

- 7 proteins in adolescent with varicocele and normal SA;

- 11 proteins in adolescents with varicocele and abnormal SA

- Adolescent without varicocele: SEMG1, PIP and NPC2

- Adolescent with varicocele and normal SA: EP3B, SEMG2, SAP and BRE1B

- Adolescent with varicocele and abnormal SA: CYTS, PPAP and IBP3.

- Spermatogenesis

- Transport of molecules

- Immune response

- Inflammatory pathways

- Apoptosis

Del Giudice et al. 2013 [59]

Varicocele

19 adolescents before and after varicocelectomy

From 84 to 168 spots per gel:

- 4 proteins overexpressed in pre-varicocelectomy adolescents

-

- Overexpressed in Pre: Albumin, POLR3B, PIP and NELFE

- Exclusive in Post: SEMG2, SEMG1, PIP, PSA, TGM4, SERPINA1

- Sperm-binding

- Metal-iron-binding

- Innate immune response

Camargo et al. 2013 [55]

Varicocele

18 adult men before and after varicocelectomy

- 316 proteins identified in total:

- 58 proteins overexpressed or exclusive in pre-varicocelectomy

- 38 proteins exclusive in post-varicocelectomy

- Pre-varicocelectomy: ANXA5, LDHA, CLU, HSP90AB1 and HSP90AA1

- Post-varicocelectomy: DJ1, SOD1, S100A9, ANXA1, GAPDH and MDH1.

- Cellular response to ROS

- NAD-binding

- Nitric oxide metabolic process

- TPR domain

- Eicosanoid biosynthetic process

Del Giudice et al. 2016 [57]

Varicocele

- 77 adolescents in total:

- 23 adolescents without varicocele;

- 37 adolescents with varicocele and normal SA;

- 17 adolescents with varicocele and abnormal SA.

- 541 proteins in total:

- 108 overexpressed in adolescents without varicocele;

- 26 overexpressed in adolescent with varicocele and normal SA;

- 13 overexpressed in varicocele and abnormal SA.

- Candidate biomarkers:

- Adolescents without varicocele: SDF4, LEFTY1, DNASE1 and PLPP1;

- Adolescents with varicocele and normal SA: IGFBP7 and IGHG3;

- Adolescents with varicocele and abnormal SA: CRISP3

- hexose metabolic process

- secretory granule

- wound healing

- lysosome

Fariello et al. 2012 [60]

Smokers with varicocele

- 56 adult nonsmokers with varicocele;

- 29 adult moderate smokers with varicocele;

- 25 adult heavy smokers with varicocele.

- 20 identified proteins:

- 4 proteins in nonsmokers

- 5 proteins in moderate smokers

- 1 protein in heavy smokers

- Nonsmokers: SERPINA1, ASAH1, CALM1, CRISP1;

- Moderate smokers: ANXA3, CTSB, EDDM3B, PTGDS, SOD3;

- Heavy smokers: AZGP1

- Lipid catabolic process

- Inflammatory pathways

- Proteolysis

- Apoptosis

Antoniassi et al. 2016 [61]

Smokers

- 20 nonsmoking men;

- 20 smoking men.

- 422 identified and quantified proteins:

- 1 absent;

- 6 over-represented;

- 27 under-represented.

IGLC3, IGHA1, APOA1, S100A9, ORM1, LCN2 and SCGB2A1

- antigen processing and presentation

- protein kinase A signaling and arachidonic acid secretion

- complement activation

- positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation

- regulation of acute inflammatory response

Da Silva et al. 2013 [54]

Spinal Cord Injured

- 12 SCI men (6 collected by EEJ and 6 collected by PVS);

- 10 healthy control donor.

- 637 identified proteins:

- 35 exclusive in control group

- 88 exclusive in PVS group

- 66 exclusive in EEJ group

PVS proteins of interest: TRFL, CERU, C3, CPB, NFAC4, EP300, IGKC

EEJ proteins of interest:

SPTA2 and SYNE1

- cytoskeletal binding

- response to calcium

- oxidation of iron ion

Da Silva et al. 2016 [53]

Spinal Cord Injured

- 12 SCI men;

- 11 healthy control donor.

- 2550 proteins identified in total:

- 344 exclusive in SCI group;

- 146 proteins exclusive in controls

PRTN3, ELANE, DEFA1, PZP and A2M

- inflammatory processes;

- protease inhibition;

Camargo et al. 2015 [62]

Spinal Cord Injured

- 9 SCI men before and after oral treatment with probenecid

- 806 proteins in total:

- 77 proteins over-expressed or exclusive pre-treatement

- 33 exclusive or over-expressed after the treatment.

Pre-treatment: NEDD8, CUL3, PSMD7, PSMA8 and PMSB7.

Post-treatment: GARS and GART.

- proteasomal degradation

- ubiquitination

- inflammatory activity

Milardi D. et al. 2014 [52]

Male Hypogonadism

- 10 men with secondary hypogonadism

- 10 fertile and normogonadic men

- 61 proteins identified in fertile group

- of which, 33 were absent in hypogonadic patients

- 14 proteins found in hypogonadism men after therapy;

Therapy related proteins: S100A9, PIP, AZGP1, ACPP, LTF, MPO, CST3

- catalytic activity

- binding activity

- hydrolase activity