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Table 1 Overview of procedures for processing and selection of surgically retrieved sperm

From: Processing and selection of surgically-retrieved sperm for ICSI: a review

 

Clinical procedure

Laboratory procedure

Specific sperm selection procedure

Obstructive azoospermia

MESA/PESA

double washing or

 
  

density gradient centrifugation

 
 

TESA/FNA

immediate use

 
 

TESE

mechanical processing + washing

 

Non-obstructive azoospermia

micro-TESE

mechanical processing +

 
  

immediate use

immotile sperm selection if needed

 

TESE

mechanical processing + washing (or)

immotile sperm selection if needed

  

mechanical processing + washing + ELB (or)

immotile sperm selection if needed

  

mechanical processing + enzymatic processing

 
  

+ washing (+ ELB)

immotile sperm selection if needed:

   

- MTT

   

- HOST

   

- LAISS

   

- PTF/theophylline

   

- LAISS

   

- (BFM)