From: Processing and selection of surgically-retrieved sperm for ICSI: a review
 | Clinical procedure | Laboratory procedure | Specific sperm selection procedure |
---|---|---|---|
Obstructive azoospermia | MESA/PESA | double washing or | Â |
 |  | density gradient centrifugation |  |
 | TESA/FNA | immediate use |  |
 | TESE | mechanical processing + washing |  |
Non-obstructive azoospermia | micro-TESE | mechanical processing + | Â |
 |  | immediate use | immotile sperm selection if needed |
 | TESE | mechanical processing + washing (or) | immotile sperm selection if needed |
 |  | mechanical processing + washing + ELB (or) | immotile sperm selection if needed |
 |  | mechanical processing + enzymatic processing |  |
 |  | + washing (+ ELB) | immotile sperm selection if needed: |
 |  |  | - MTT |
 |  |  | - HOST |
 |  |  | - LAISS |
 |  |  | - PTF/theophylline |
 |  |  | - LAISS |
 |  |  | - (BFM) |