Table 4 Effects of increase in testis temperature (testes in the superficial inguinal pouch) on sperm number in men
Authors | Heating | Nb a | Effect on sperm number | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Method | Daily duration | Frequency | Â | During heating | After heating | |||
Period w b | Mean value | Start w | Max. value | |||||
Mieusset et al. 1985 [92] | Testes in the superficial inguinal pouch; special underwear c SAT d +2 °C | 15 h | Every day for 6 months | 14 | w 4 w 12 w 25 | 54% e 29% 13% | w8 w16 w29 w37 | 73% f 89% 133% 159% |
Every day for 12Â months | 8 | w 25 to w 52 | from 13 to 5% | w10 w16 w37 | 60% 72% 129% | |||
Mieusset et al. 1987 [93] | Tech 1: same as previous [92] SAT +2 °C | 15 h | Every day for 6–24 months | 13 | 9 w 18 w 36 w 45 | 58% 28% 14% 8% | w9 w18 w36 | 40% 80% 120% |
Tech 2 = Tech 1 + reinforcement of the hole SAT +2 °C | Every day for 6–24 months | 6 | w 9 w 18 w 36 w 45 | 28% 3.5% 4.5% <1% | w9 w18 w36 | 10% 60% 100% | ||
Shafik 1991 [83] | Testes in the superficial inguinal pouch (stitch suspension technique) SAT +2 °C | Day and night | Every day for 12 months | 15 SC g > 40 | w 13: 1 < SC i >10 in 2/15 11 < SC > 20 in 13/15 w 26: SC = 0 in 2/15 0 < SC > 1 in 5/15 2 < SC > 10 in 8/15 | NR h | NC i w 26: SC > 40 in 15/15 | |
Ball suspension SAT +2 °C | Every day for 12 months | 13 SC > 40 | w 13: 1 < SC > 10 in 2/13 11 < SC > 20 in 11/13 w 26: SC = 0 in 2/13 0 < SC > 1 in 5/13 2 < SC > 10 in 6/13 | NR | NC w 26: SC > 40 in 13/13 | |||
Shafik 1992 [94] | Suspensory sling of polyester fabric j SAT +2 °C | Day and night | Every day for 12 months | 14 SC > 40 | w 13: SC < 1 in 4/14 2 < SC > 10 in 10/14 w 26: SC = 0 in 14/14 | w 5–9 | NC w 26: SC > 40 in 14/14 | |
Moeloek 1995 [95] | Suspensory sling as used by Shafik 1992 [94] | Day and night | Every day for 24 weeks | 10 SC > 20 | w 12: SC < 20 in 4/10 w 24: SC < 20 in 10/10 SC < 10 in 3/10 | NR | NR | |
Ahmad et al. 2012 [96] | Tech 3: Tech 2 [93] + improved material SAT +2 °C | 15 h | Every day for 17 weeks | 5 | w 1 w 3 w 5 w 7 w 10 | 78% 92% 16% 3.5% 0.5% | w5 w7 w10 | 2.5% 22% 124% |