| Species | Stage of development of the fetal testis at exposure | Observation | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Epidemiological studies | Human | Â | Evidence for an association between a reduction of masculinization and phthalates exposure | |
Weak evidence for an association between a reduction of masculinization and phthalates exposure | ||||
Not any association between masculinization and phhtalates exposure | [40] | |||
Experimental studies | Human | Early stages | No effect of phthalates | |
Late stage | No effect of phthalates | |||
Rat | Early stages | Strong negative effect of phthalates | ||
Late stages | Negative effect of phthalates | |||
Mouse | Early stages | Positive effect of phthalates | ||
Late stages | Negative or no effect of phthalates | |||
Rabbit | Early + late stages | Negative effect of phthalates | [22] | |
Marmoset | Early + late stages | No effect of phthalates | [122] |