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Table 1 Effect of DEHP/MEHP and DBP/MBP on fetal Leydig cell functions in human and various species

From: Man is not a big rat: concerns with traditional human risk assessment of phthalates based on their anti-androgenic effects observed in the rat foetus

 

Species

Stage of development of the fetal testis at exposure

Observation

References

Epidemiological studies

Human

 

Evidence for an association between a reduction of masculinization and phthalates exposure

[37], [42, 97, 99]

Weak evidence for an association between a reduction of masculinization and phthalates exposure

[41], [98, 101]

Not any association between masculinization and phhtalates exposure

[40]

Experimental studies

Human

Early stages

No effect of phthalates

[109], [110]

Late stage

No effect of phthalates

[63], [114–116]

Rat

Early stages

Strong negative effect of phthalates

[1], [23, 25, 61, 63–70, 75, 80–88, 90–93]

Late stages

Negative effect of phthalates

[63], [89]

Mouse

Early stages

Positive effect of phthalates

[115], [118, 119, 121]

Late stages

Negative or no effect of phthalates

[117], [121]

Rabbit

Early + late stages

Negative effect of phthalates

[22]

Marmoset

Early + late stages

No effect of phthalates

[122]