|
References
|
Patients
|
Sperm cells
|
Vacuoles
|
Altered/abnormal chromatin packaging
|
DNA fragmentation
|
Aneuploidy
|
|---|
|
Boitrelle et al., [23]
|
15
|
450
|
≥ 25% head area
|
+
|
=
|
=
|
|
Perdrix et al., [22]
|
20
| |
>13% head area
|
+
|
Higher in native spermatozoa
|
+
|
|
Garolla et al., [26]
|
20
|
200
|
LNV
|
+
|
NA
|
+
|
|
Franco et al., [27]
|
66
|
1351
|
≥ 50% head area
|
+
|
NA
|
NA
|
|
Cassuto et al., [28]
|
26
|
10400
|
score 0a
|
+
|
=
|
NA
|
|
Wilding et al., [14]
|
8
|
860
|
≥ 4% head area
|
NA
|
+
|
NA
|
|
Oliveira et al., [18]
|
538
|
200/patient
|
5- > 50% head area
|
NA
|
+
|
NA
|
|
Franco et al., [29]
|
30
|
382
|
≥ 50% head area
|
NA
|
+
|
NA
|
|
Hammoud et al., [30]
|
8
|
1775
|
>4% head area
|
NA
|
+
|
NA
|
|
Watanabe et al., [19]
|
20
|
227
|
>1.5 μm
|
NA
|
=
|
NA
|
| | |
33
|
>1.5 μm
|
NA
|
NA
|
=
|
- LNV, large nuclear vacuole; NA, not assessed.
- ascore 0, according to the Cassuto-Barak classification, showing an abnormal head with a large diameter vacuole and an abnormal base. For DNA fragmentation and aneuploidy: =, equal between vacuolated and non-vacuolated spermatozoa ; +, increased in vacuolated spermatozoa.
