Table 1 Studies on the relationship between the presence of large sperm vacuoles and chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation and aneuploidy
References | Patients | Sperm cells | Vacuoles | Altered/abnormal chromatin packaging | DNA fragmentation | Aneuploidy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boitrelle et al., [23] | 15 | 450 | ≥ 25% head area | + | = | = |
Perdrix et al., [22] | 20 | >13% head area | + | Higher in native spermatozoa | + | |
Garolla et al., [26] | 20 | 200 | LNV | + | NA | + |
Franco et al., [27] | 66 | 1351 | ≥ 50% head area | + | NA | NA |
Cassuto et al., [28] | 26 | 10400 | score 0a | + | = | NA |
Wilding et al., [14] | 8 | 860 | ≥ 4% head area | NA | + | NA |
Oliveira et al., [18] | 538 | 200/patient | 5- > 50% head area | NA | + | NA |
Franco et al., [29] | 30 | 382 | ≥ 50% head area | NA | + | NA |
Hammoud et al., [30] | 8 | 1775 | >4% head area | NA | + | NA |
Watanabe et al., [19] | 20 | 227 | >1.5 μm | NA | = | NA |
33 | >1.5 μm | NA | NA | = |